Up-goer Five EntryThe body is made up of lots of cells and cells have sticks that make them what they are. Normal cells have a normal number of cell sticks. Bad cells, which can kill a body, have the wrong number of cell sticks. More cell sticks in a cell can cause cell problems that can lead to even more cells sticks in a cell. When this happens more cells take over a body and kill it. Some cell sticks when added cause new changes to happen in a cell as well that can lead to a problem when all cell sticks have to be given to new cells.  Peer-Reviewed PublicationCancer cells display aneuploid karyotypes and typically mis-segregate chromosomes at high rates, a phenotype referred to as chromosomal instability (CIN). To test the effects of aneuploidy on chromosome segregation and other mitotic phenotypes we used the colorectal cancer cell line DLD1 (2n = 46) and two variants with trisomy 7 or 13 (DLD1+7 and DLD1+13), as well as euploid and trisomy 13 amniocytes (AF and AF+13). We found that trisomic cells displayed higher rates of chromosome mis-segregation compared to their euploid counterparts. Furthermore, cells with trisomy 13 displayed a distinctive cytokinesis failure phenotype. We showed that up-regulation of SPG20 expression, brought about by trisomy 13 in DLD1+13 and AF+13 cells, is sufficient for the cytokinesis failure phenotype. Overall, our study shows that aneuploidy can induce chromosome mis-segregation. Moreover, we identified a trisomy 13-specific mitotic phenotype that is driven by up-regulation of a gene encoded on the aneuploid chromosome. From \cite{Nicholson_2015}.

My work is about two types of studies. In one study we look at cells from a normal person and a sick person. We find out what is different between them. In the other study we look at many possible ways to make a person better again. You can not buy most of these in a shop as they have not been studied in all possible ways to be sure that they really do what they should. In a next step we use a computer to match what we know about sick people with the best possible way to make them better again. This best possible match becomes the starting point for coming up with a new way to get sick people better again. It does not happen very often at all, but sometimes we can even find something that you can already buy. In those cases we can help people very quickly \cite{Lamb_2006}.

We take very many stories about what humans know to know. They are written in a way that is hard for a computer to study, so we move them to an easy-to-study way. We train the computer to learn to know what the pieces of the stories mean - their words and inner forms.Up-goer Five entry: herePhD proposal: Designing Definition Discovery - Read, Recognize, Reflect, Repeat

To make the most of bringing people together to talk about deciding something, you need to decide between different good ways of bringing people together, don't try to make all the good ways work for everyone at once. It is better to let people end with different thoughts than pretend everyone agrees. You should write down what people thought at the end and make it clear how that is used in deciding something.  Plan to share in open ways, so others can learn from what happened and what people thought at the end - others might use what you shared in ways you didn't plan, but that might help bringing people together mean more.

The human body carries a lot of good tiny cells that are important for our well-being. One way that our tiny cells are good for us is that they stop bad tiny cells from growing in our bodies. However, how the good tiny cells stop bad tiny cells from growing and staying in our bodies is not well understood. When entering from the mouth and down the stomach, bad tiny cells and good tiny cells eventually find each other and have to fight for space and food inside our bodies. One type of bad tiny cell likes to grow by "breathing," much the same as we breathe air so that the cells in our bodies can live. However, "air" is low after entering the stomach. This is because in the normal body, the good tiny cells are always making things that keep the air low. After entering the stomach and moving down, bad tiny cells make things that hurt our bodies. Our bodies respond by making things that kill both good and bad tiny cells. However, the bad tiny cells have figured out ways to not die during the attack by our body, while the good tiny cells have not, and get killed. When the good tiny cells die, they can no longer keep the air low and the bad tiny cells are able to breathe and grow to very high numbers. So, one way that our good tiny cells keep us well is by stopping the bad tiny cells from breathing and growing in our bodies. However, some bad tiny cells have figured out a way to wipe out good tiny cells from our bodies. This is one way that bad tiny cells can make us sick.From \cite{Rivera_Ch_vez_2016}.

Cells move around inside us. They use tiny feet that stick to all the not-cell stuff around them. These tiny feet kind of help cells if they are alone. But not really that much. Do the tiny feet help cells if they are in a group? My work asked this question outside of a body. I put cells inside the same not-cell stuff from our body, and I watched if they moved in a group or not. They really needed the tiny feet in order to move through the not-cell stuff from our body. To make the tiny feet strong, cells use the same little bits that make a body strong to lift heavy things. Those little bits are in every cell in your body! They put together the tiny feet and hold them together. Without all that a group of cells can't move around inside our bodies. This is important for when cells don't stop growing and make a bad spot that keeps getting bigger.

Sick people need making-better-stuffs to get well. We use computers to work out which making-better-stuffs should work best for different people. All people have slightly different small inside body things. Doctors want making-better-stuffs to stick to the right inside body things as well as possible to fix the problems that make people sick. In our computers we make pretend small inside body things just like those in different people and move them around like like they do really. We use them to find out which make-better-things stick the best without giving many making-better-stuffs to people which is slow and sometimes makes other things go wrong. We can also use our pretend small inside body things to help people put together new, better, making-better-stuffs.\cite{Wright_2014,Bhati_2016}

Imagine you are at your friend's party, and you are listening to a story about her last trip. Even though music is playing and other people are talking, you can probably understand what she is saying. But if you have hearing problems, you might find it hard to follow the conversation. Why is that? Our brains only pay attention to parts of the sound that we are trying to understand. In this case in your friend's voice there are some parts that help your brain listen to her instead of the music. I study how the areas of the brain that have the job of making you hear do exactly this. I want to help people with hearing problems to understand their friends' voices even when there is loud music.

As more people want to fly each year, it is important to make "flying things" work better. A great way to do this is to make the "fire" which keeps them in the air burn hotter. With a hotter fire, we need less stuff for burning and we can save money. However, a hotter fire also means that stuff around it might become hotter than it should, which is a big problem. My work is coming up with new types of stuff to be used in the area close to the fire. First, I use big computers to get an idea of what kind of new stuff might work well. Second, with help from some friends, I make it. Third, I use new ways of checking how good this stuff really is by making it hot and then pulling it until it breaks. Last, I talk to other people and hope they will use this new stuff inside their "flying things" soon.

We use picture-taking-boxes with a very large make-bigger-power to take pictures of the very small building blocks that make up humans and other animals. We can also see the tiny things that do important stuff inside these building blocks. These tiny things are interesting because we need to understand them to see why people get sick and how to make them better. If there isn't a box that does what we need, we build a new one that does! Sometimes we even make boxes that go inside other boxes so we can take different kinds of pictures all at once to tell us different things.The boxes make lots of pictures so we need good ways to understand them quickly with computers. To do this we need to carefully give the computer lots of orders and numbers to control what they do so they do good work. At the moment, even with the best computers this is too hard and takes too long, so we need to think of better ways to train the computer to do good work more quickly. Often we have to ask a person to do the work as they still do it best, but slowly.We have started to ask tens of hundreds of people around the world to help us as they can do good work together more quickly than one person. We can also get them to help us train the computers to do better work in up-coming times. The people that help us are aged from school children all the way up to older people who don't have to go to work any more, and everything in between. 

Space is all that there is, just not the space as we live in it every day. The true space has position but not as we know it. Yet from it we can find all the forces that make our world.

A large number of people know more about the world and how stuff works than a single person, right? Obviously, we want to understand how the world works, but we think that ideas from people like you and me are very very important: we want to understand the world together! We take seriously to make live better for people, so our job is to help those who are working on the really hard problems. Most of the time, our people sit behind closed doors, read papers, type into their computers and — by chance — miss day-to-day problems of people like you and me. We help them to be open and change their way of finding things out about the world. Being open is important and the key-word for us: it is at the heart of what we do. If you you want to work like this, you should come to us, we are living in a very cool city, you can visit with your horse, if you want — seriously!One approach of our job is to find new ideas and questions that are important for people. There are many good ideas already out there, we just need to catch them. We are wondering what different groups of people — we call them crowds — think about several problems they face in their day to day life. They should not be ignored and taken seriously. With this, we can find new problems that no-body ever thought of and give them to our people to work on these problems. 

When something bad happens, like when someone (woman, man or child) is hurt by someone else, we want to know more. We want to know what happened, how it happened and who hurt the person? To know more about the situation and be able to tell others exactly what happened, we need to find out how and when the person was hurt. We can take pictures, but sometimes people are also hurt inside the body, so we need to see what's going on there as well. How can we see inside the body? We could cut it open and take a look, but we want to avoid hurting the person more. These days it is possible to take pictures of the inside of a body without needing to cut anything! We can see into the body and by taking many different pictures, we start to get an idea about what happened. Although these pictures are black and white, they can tell us a lot about how, and maybe even when, someone was hurt. But what do we do when we know what happened? There are a lot of different ways to help people who have been hurt, but our black and white pictures from inside the body make it much easier for others to believe these people when they tell their story. Especially if they want to tell their story to the police.  

Hundreds of very small and different cells may fit in a drop of water. They can appear as single cells and eventually form big cell groups. Apparently little is known so far on cell relationships and on how they respond to changes in surrounding water. This is because it is not easy to grow those tiny cells out of the place in which they live and it is not possible to recognize them by eye. My work is focused on studying new approaches to better understand how and how many cells can live or die in different waters \cite{Amalfitano_2017}. Through so-called cell counters, we can find out the number and life state of cells. They can be colored, entire or in part, and forced one at a time to a point at which flashes of lights hit and turn them out blue, green, red. Within less than a minute, all color signs can be considered to figure out how many cell types are present in few water drops (figure 1). This approach is getting very important to settle in real-time if waters are safe for all possible human uses.

Animals that eat animals could help people that grow foodPeople that grow food don't get along well with animals that eat other animals. We used things that take pictures by themselves to find out if there are more animals that eat other animals in places where people grow food, in places that people live, or in places where there are lots of trees. We found out that the highest animals that eat other animals live where people grow food. We also found these animals that eat other animals eat lots of small animals. Animals that eat other animals could help people that grow food, by eating small animals that would eat the food they grow.This is part of the #upgoerfive challenge, explaining the findings of \citet{Williams_2017}.