Epilepsy, characterized by recurrent seizures, encompasses various complex syndromes with varied origins. To unravel the intricate biology of epilepsy and explore novel Antiseizure treatments, researchers have developed over 100 in vitro and in vivo epilepsy models, each simulating different seizure types. These experimental models serve as indispensable tools for investigating the neurochemical, neurophysiological, cellular, and molecular mechanisms governing epileptic seizures, offering a comprehensive understanding of this condition. This article provides a comprehensive overview of diverse experimental models crucial for studying Antiseizure Medication and seizures, including Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure (GTCS), Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE), Absence Seizure, Myoclonus, and Status Epilepticus (SE) Models. Researchers leverage these models to gain critical insights into epilepsy’s underlying causes, available therapies, and potential therapeutic targets. The study digs into a thorough analysis of the benefits and drawbacks related to various chemical models used in epilepsy treatment. This dual approach adds to the continuing discussion in epilepsy research by clarifying the complicated issues surrounding therapeutic strategies and improving our understanding of the complexity of epilepsy. This article includes discusses GTCS, SE, and TLE subtypes such as WAG/Rij rats, coriaria lactone-induced TLE, pilocarpine-induced TLE, Tottering 6j mouse, GHB-induced seizure model, PTZ-induced model, NMDA-induced seizure models, and flurothyl-induced seizure model. Penicillin-induced TLE, Theiler’s virus-induced TLE, and many more.

Neurodegenerative disorders are common among the elderly. They possess a tremendous therapeutic challenge for drug development and tackling the disease. Alzheimer's ranks as the most common neurodegenerative disease affecting the elderly population. Developing therapeutics is still a challenge despite advancements in the medical sciences. Replacing the small molecules that are used for Alzheimer's today, numerous Monoclonal antibodies and vaccines are tried that targets explicitly the disease pathology, either beta-amyloid or Tau aggregation. In this review, we try to shed light on the existing small molecule therapeutics and the recent advances with insights into Monoclonal antibodies and clinical trials.

Abstract: Background: Plasma kinins are known for decades but the understanding of them is not up-to the mark and the complexity is the reason. There are many drugs and trials undertaken with these as drug targets but only very few have been successfully marketed and used. Rest all others have resulted in failure during various phases of the trial. Purpose: The purpose of this review is to explain and explore the complexity of plasma kinins and to explore the relations between Kinins and to analyse the failures in drug development with these receptors as targets. Implication: This extensive review might help in understanding the complexity and ensure the reduction of drug development failures in these molecules as drug targets Conclusion: kinins have important role in homeostatic functions of the body physiologically. The pathophysiological roles in inflammation are also known. The complexity of these systems is well established.

Background: Pregnancy significantly increases the need for iron. The prevalence of anemia in pregnant women is high, affecting 41.8% of all pregnant women worldwide. In patients with low tolerance to oral iron, it is recommended to start them on parenteral iron therapy but with variable degree of efficacy. Hence this meta-analysis was done with the following aim. Aim: This study aims to assess the efficacy of various iron preparations in pregnant women with Iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Methods: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) (available as full free text) which included iron therapy in pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia were retrieved from electronic databases viz. PubMed, Google scholar and IndMed, with specific search terms. Qualities of RCTs were assessed using JADAD score and four RCTs with high score were included for analysis using RevMan 5.3 software. Outcome measures were change in hemoglobin levels and serum ferritin concentration after one month of therapy. Results: In the four RCTs included, a total of 267 patients were treated with oral iron and 267 patients were treated with parenteral iron therapy. Change in the hemoglobin levels between the 2 groups had a standard mean difference of 0.73, 95% CI (-0.05-1.52), with the p-value of 0.07. To assess the change in the serum ferritin concentration a total of 188 patients in oral iron and 197 patients in parenteral iron therapy were included. There was a standard mean difference of 0.88, 95% CI (0.60-1.66), with a p-value of <0.00001.