The impacts of global change especially the recent climate-related extremes such as floods and droughts reveal significant vulnerability and exposure of freshwater ecosystems and related human systems to current climate variability. However, the effects of the extreme drought in the Okavango Delta system are not well understood and documented. Therefore, the objective of this use case was to apply the products from Digital Earth Africa namely: the Water Observation from Space (WOfS) derived from Landsat, vegetation cover baseline derived from Sentinel 2 data; and data from the meteorological agencies such as rainfall and measured river discharge data to evaluate the effects of drought in the Okavango Delta wetland system in relation to its upstream areas in Angola. In particular, we used the 2019 drought as a case study to assess inundation extent and vegetation cover dynamics with an emphasis on floodplain and dryland vegetation. Our preliminary results reveal that the Okavango Delta permanent marshes are resilient to drought, whereas seasonal floodplains are susceptible to drought. Further, we discovered that the geospatial location of floodplains has a direct effect on the timing of desiccation, with the western tributaries that flow into Lake Ngami and Thamalakane River being the last to dry out due to drought. In addition, we found that the drought phenomenon in the Cubango-Okavango River Basin region started earlier than 2019 spanning over a period of 5 years; with 2018 as the year when the wetland system reached a minimum threshold for a tipping point triggered by the 2019 drought. In addition, the results contribute to the development of large-scale drought risk information and products for the Cubango- Okavango River Basin with a major focus in the Okavango Delta. Further, this use case provides recent baseline information on the effects of drought on vegetation cover and river flows in the Okavango Delta system at a landscape approach, which are essential elements for making informed science-based decisions on climate risks management and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by relevant authorities in the Okavango Delta and the whole of Cubango-Okavango River Basin. In conclusion, this use case will be upscaled to other transboundary river basins in the Southern Africa Development Community.

Earth observation of waterbodies through time is a powerful tool in understanding both the location of waterbodies and their temporal dynamics. Water Observations from Space (WOfS), developed and well-tested in Australia, is a service providing historical surface water observations derived from Landsat satellite imagery from 1987 to present day. WOfS provides better understanding of where water is usually present; where it is seldom observed; and where inundation of the surface has been occasionally observed by satellite. We applied the WOfS algorithm to Africa and validated its accuracy through image interpretation of satellite and aerial imagery using an online tool created by the NASA Servir program, Collect Earth Online. The Digital Earth Africa Product Development Task Team, composed of four regional geospatial organisations RCMRD, AfriGIST, AGRHYMET and OSS, conducted the validation campaign and provided both the regional expertise and experience required for a continental-scale validation effort. In order to understand the accuracy and bias of the WOfS algorithm in Africa at both the continental-scale and regional zones, we generated 2900 sample points covering the continent including the main islands and distributed them into 7 Agro-ecological zones. We assessed whether the point was flooded, dry, or cloud covered, for 12 months in 2018, resulting in 34,800 assessed observations. As water information is available through WOfS in near real-time, it can be used for environmental monitoring, flood mapping, monitoring planned water releases, and management of water resources in highly regulated systems. WOfS is expected to be used by ministries and state departments of agriculture and water management in countries, international organizations, academia and the private sector.