Autoimmune diseases (AD) are severe pathophysiological ailments that are stimulated by an exaggerated immunogenic response towards self-antigens, which can cause systemic or site-specific organ damage. An array of complex genetic and epigenetic facets majorly contributes to the progression of AD, thus providing significant insight into the regulatory mechanism of microRNA (miRNA). miRNAs are short, non-coding RNAs that have been identified as essential contributors to the post-transcriptional regulation of host genome expression and as crucial regulators of a myriad of biological processes such as immune homeostasis, T helper cell differentiation, central and peripheral tolerance, and immune cell development. Pertaining to the differential expression of miRNA attributed in target tissues and cellular bodies of innate and adaptive immunity, a paradigm of scientific expeditions suggests an optimistic correlation between immunogenic dysfunction and miRNA alterations. Therefore, it is not astonishing that dysregulations in miRNA expression patterns are now recognized in a wide spectrum of disorders, establishing themselves as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Owing to its theranostic potencies, miRNA targets have been widely utilized in the development of biosensors and other therapeutic molecules originating from the same. This article tends to deliberate and conceptualize the brief pathogenesis and pertinent epigenetic regulatory mechanism as well as miRNA networks majorly affecting five different ADs namely Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Diabetes, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and Inflammatory Bowel Disorder (IBD) thereby providing novel theranostic interventions.

Influenza A (H3N2) virus, a prominent member of the Orthomyxoviridae family, continues to pose significant challenges to public health worldwide. This comprehensive review delves into the intricate facets of H3N2, encompassing its virological characteristics, evolutionary trends, global epidemiology, clinical manifestations, immunopathology, vaccination strategies, antiviral interventions, and emerging diagnostic approaches. The evolution and genetic diversity of H3N2 strains are explored in the context of antigenic variation, a phenomenon fueled by genetic drift and shift mechanisms. The implications of such variability on vaccine design and effectiveness are critically analyzed. Moreover, this review examines the broader public health ramifications of H3N2, elucidating its seasonal outbreak patterns, pandemic potential, and the intricacies of global spread. Detailed insights into the clinical presentation and pathogenesis highlight the interplay between viral factors and host immune responses, shedding light on disease severity and susceptibility determinants. The armamentarium of antiviral therapies, encompassing neuraminidase inhibitors and polymerase inhibitors, is evaluated along with the emerging challenge of drug resistance. Notably, this review underscores the evolving landscape of diagnostic techniques, ranging from rapid point-of-care tests to advanced molecular methods, and their pivotal role in timely outbreak detection and surveillance. Looking ahead, the article accentuates the need for multidisciplinary approaches in deciphering viral evolution dynamics, targeting host-pathogen interactions, and refining pandemic preparedness strategies. By synthesizing these diverse dimensions, this review encapsulates a holistic understanding of Influenza A (H3N2) that informs both research endeavors and public health interventions.